Ectopic ureter surgery and its problems.

The incidence of ectopic ureter in companion animals is low. The most common clinical sign is urinary incontinence. Many animals with ectopic ureters have other urinary tract abnormalities that may contribute to urinary incontinence. A properly performed excretory urographic study in combination with pneumocystography is most likely to confirm the diagnosis and can demonstrate ureteral morphology. Surgical treatment options for ectopic ureter are varied and should be aimed at preserving the effected ureter and kidney. Common complications of surgery are hydroureter and hydronephrosis. These complications may be minimized with proper surgical technique. Medical therapy has been used successfully to control continued urinary incontinence following surgery.