A V2CTx-MXene@f-MWCNTs nanocomposite-reinforced 3D porous graphene-based flexible patch integrated with microfluidic channels for real-time glucose and ketone monitoring in sweat.

Reliable, noninvasive monitoring of metabolic biomarkers using wearable biosensors remains a significant challenge, owing to the low and variable concentration of analytes in sweat. Herein, we report a hierarchical V2CTx-MXene@f-MWCNTs/Laser-Induced Graphene (LIG) hybrid architecture for the multiplexed and dynamically calibrated sweat sensing of glucose and β-hydroxybutyrate (HB). The synergistic integration of 2D MXene and 1D f-MWCNTs prevents MXene restacking, increases electron flow, and enhances the electroactive surface area, while the porous 3D LIG matrix provides a flexible, and conductive platform for wearable bioelectronics. The microfluidic-integrated V2CTx@f-MWCNTs nanocomposite-based patch sequentially detects glucose and HB while providing real-time pH and temperature calibration. The fabricated patch biosensor exhibits high sensitivities of 131.41 μA mM-1 cm-2 and 53.81 μA mM-1 cm-2 (glucose and HB), with low detection limits of 2 μM and 10 μM, respectively. Moreover, the HB sensor exhibits stable performance for more than 171 min of continuous operation. This multifunctional platform demonstrates excellent electrochemical performance, stability, and reproducibility and reliable on-body applicability, providing accurate metabolic health monitoring and advancing next-generation noninvasive bioelectronic platforms.