Extraction and liquid chromatographic analysis of cyanogenic glycosides: a review.

Cyanogenic glycosides (CNGs), widely distributed in food and medicinal plants, have demonstrated pharmacological activities in some cases. Although minimal consumption is generally safe, excessive intake may cause adverse physiological effects. Consequently, it is crucial to ascertain the threshold levels and to develop effective and sensitive pre-processing and detection methodologies. In this review, different sample preparation methods for cyanide glycosides, including accelerated solvent extraction, liquid-liquid extraction, solid phase extraction and magnetic solid phase extraction, have been overviewed. Additionally, analysis methods for cyanide glycosides, especially liquid chromatography-based methods and sensor methods, have been summarized. The high-resolution mass spectrometry techniques, such as time-of-flight MS and orbitrap MS, significantly enhances analytical selectivity and offers improved qualitative and quantitative capabilities. Moreover, by incorporating a novel electrode modification, the electrochemical biosensor demonstrates enhanced performance in terms of sensitivity, selectivity, and stability, offering a more cost-effective and user-friendly solution for the detection of cyanide glycosides. Advantages and disadvantages of various techniques have been reviewed, and future trends have been prospected.