Intraoperative ultrasound for uterine septum resection: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Septate uterus is one of the most common uterine malformations. Recent studies suggest that uterine septa may negatively affect fertility. In cases of recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) or infertility, hysteroscopic metroplasty has been considered the primary treatment for septate uterus. This systematic review and meta-analysis aims to evaluate whether intraoperative ultrasound monitoring may improve the efficacy of hysteroscopic metroplasty compared to other types of intraoperative monitoring or to unguided resections. An electronic database search was performed to identify articles published until June 15, 2023. Five studies (two randomized clinical trials, two prospective studies and one retrospective cohort study) fulfilled the inclusion criteria. The primary outcome was the rate of residual septum > 10 mm after hysteroscopic metroplasty in the ultrasound (US) monitoring group compared to the rate of residual septum using other types of intraoperative monitoring/no monitoring (control group). The secondary outcomes were any residual septa, surgical time, complications, uterine perforations and reproductive outcomes. Intraoperative ultrasound for uterine septum resection significantly reduced the rate of residual septum > 10 mm and the rate of any residual septa compared to the control group. There was no statistically significant difference in the procedure time between women undergoing intraoperative US monitoring versus the control group. A trend toward reduction of surgical complications was observed in the intraoperative US group compared to the control group. In conclusion, intraoperative ultrasound during metroplasty may reduce the rate of the residual septum with no surgical time differences. Further studies are warranted to understand how this may improve reproductive outcomes.