Uncommon but Clinically Significant: Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) Infection of the Urinary Tract and its Impact on Quality of Life.

BACKGROUND The intravesical administration of bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG), an attenuated live strain of Mycobacterium bovis, is an immunotherapy given for superficial bladder cancer and is generally well tolerated and widely used. However, BCG sometimes causes local infections, such as cystitis and prostatitis or systemic infection. Because BCG infection is a rare complication of intravesical BCG instillation, the combination of an anti-tuberculous regimen and its duration of are unknown. CASE REPORT We describe 2 cases of BCG infection localized to the urinary tract. Case 1 was a 77-year-old man with BCG infection of the bladder and prostate. Combination therapy of anti-tuberculous agents with isoniazid, rifampicin, and ethambutol did not improve his symptoms, and his quality of life was significantly impaired from the symptoms of BCG infection; therefore, he underwent total resection of the bladder and prostate. Case 2 was an 84-year-old man with BCG infection of the bilateral ureter and bladder. It took 15 months for his symptoms to improve, but combination therapy with isoniazid, rifabutin, and ethambutol improved his condition completely. CONCLUSIONS Although BCG infection of the urinary tract is a rare complication, it is clinically important because it directly affects the quality of life of patients and requires a longer duration of treatment, depending on the symptoms. Tissue cultures are also difficult to culture, making a definitive diagnosis challenging. If the symptoms of BCG infection are not controlled, surgery can be necessary even if it is not a complication of a vital organ.