Investigating Morphological and Physiological Responses to Stress in Begonia semperflorens.

Begonia semperflorens, or wax begonias, are popular ornamental plants often challenged by heat and high light stress in subtropical and tropical regions. This study examined the responses of two stress-tolerant genotypes (FB08-059 and OPGC 5104) and two stress-susceptible genotypes (Cocktail Vodka and Sprint White) under elevated temperature and light conditions. The results revealed significant genotype-dependent differences in stress responses. Stress-tolerant genotypes demonstrated distinct adaptive traits, including thicker cuticles, acute leaf folding, and elevated anthocyanin accumulation, which collectively contributed to enhanced photoprotection and mitigation of cellular damage. Notably, FB08-059 exhibited the most robust stress-adaptive responses, characterized by a 25.83% increase in cuticle thickness and a threefold increase in anthocyanin content under stress conditions. These adaptations effectively limited ROS accumulation and maintained higher Fv/Fm values, thereby sustaining photosynthetic efficiency relative to the other genotypes. In contrast, stress-susceptible genotypes exhibited increased ion leakage, reduced chlorophyll content, and impaired gas exchange rates, reflecting greater oxidative stress and cellular damage. These findings highlight cuticle thickness, anthocyanin accumulation, and leaf folding as key indicators of heat and light stress resilience. This research provides critical insights for breeding programs focused on improving the resilience of wax begonias, supporting the development of heat- and light-tolerant cultivars for sustainable production in stress-prone environments.