Stage-specific autophagy dynamics in reproductive processes and associated disorders.

Autophagy is a highly conserved eukaryotic process that degrades cytoplasmic material within lysosomes, and plays a crucial role in cellular development, function and homeostasis. Recent studies have increasingly revealed the connection between autophagy, reproduction, and related disorders. In this review, we summarize the regulatory mechanisms of autophagy and outline recent advances in understanding its role in pregnancy establishment and maintenance, including gametogenesis and embryonic development, decidualization, placentation, and immune regulation advances in understanding its role. Additionally, we discuss potential mechanisms by which altered autophagy contributes to pregnancy complications and reproductive disorders, such as spontaneous abortion, preeclampsia, preterm birth, polycystic ovary syndrome, and endometriosis.