International journal of gynaecology and obstetrics: the official organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics · 2025
Hormonal long-acting reversible contraceptives use and potential impact on environment: A mathematical model.
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Bahamondes Luis, Pacagnella Rodolfo C, Marcelino Ana C, Zulo Jurandir, Torezzan Cristiano, Juliato Cassia T, Tessler Leandro R
Аннотация
OBJECTIVE: To estimate the environmental waste footprint impact of disposable waste from contraceptive packaging and menstrual hygiene products among users of long-acting reversible contraceptives (LARCs).
METHODS: This mathematical modeling study was conducted at the University of Campinas, Brazil, to assess the potential environmental waste footprint generated from cardboard and plastic packaging and the use of menstrual hygiene products among 169 097 copper intrauterine device (Cu-IUD), 69 601 levonorgestrel 52 mg IUD (hormonal-IUD), and 4857 etonogestrel implant (ENG-implant) users. The duration of use was estimated using couple-years of protection: 4.6, 4.8, 2.5, and 0.06 years for the Cu-IUD, hormonal-IUD, ENG-implant, and combined oral contraceptives (COCs), respectively. The number of menstrual hygiene products potentially used by each group was estimated. For comparison, a theoretical group of 100 000 COC users and nonusers of contraception were included to estimate the annual waste footprint.
RESULTS: On an annual basis, Cu-IUD users generated minimal plastic waste (0.6 g) but used approximately 344.8 menstrual pads. Hormonal-IUD users produced 13.8 g of cardboard and 6.9 g of plastic packaging waste and used an estimated 127.0 pads. ENG-implant users generated 25.7 g of cardboard and 28.3 g of plastic waste and used 89.7 pads. Nonusers of contraception were estimated to use 325 pads annually and generated no contraceptive packaging waste.
CONCLUSION: Use of hormonal LARCs is associated with a substantially lower annual environmental waste footprint impact compared with COCs and nonuse of contraception, owing to reduced solid waste generation and fewer disposable menstrual hygiene products used.
METHODS: This mathematical modeling study was conducted at the University of Campinas, Brazil, to assess the potential environmental waste footprint generated from cardboard and plastic packaging and the use of menstrual hygiene products among 169 097 copper intrauterine device (Cu-IUD), 69 601 levonorgestrel 52 mg IUD (hormonal-IUD), and 4857 etonogestrel implant (ENG-implant) users. The duration of use was estimated using couple-years of protection: 4.6, 4.8, 2.5, and 0.06 years for the Cu-IUD, hormonal-IUD, ENG-implant, and combined oral contraceptives (COCs), respectively. The number of menstrual hygiene products potentially used by each group was estimated. For comparison, a theoretical group of 100 000 COC users and nonusers of contraception were included to estimate the annual waste footprint.
RESULTS: On an annual basis, Cu-IUD users generated minimal plastic waste (0.6 g) but used approximately 344.8 menstrual pads. Hormonal-IUD users produced 13.8 g of cardboard and 6.9 g of plastic packaging waste and used an estimated 127.0 pads. ENG-implant users generated 25.7 g of cardboard and 28.3 g of plastic waste and used 89.7 pads. Nonusers of contraception were estimated to use 325 pads annually and generated no contraceptive packaging waste.
CONCLUSION: Use of hormonal LARCs is associated with a substantially lower annual environmental waste footprint impact compared with COCs and nonuse of contraception, owing to reduced solid waste generation and fewer disposable menstrual hygiene products used.