3D-printed skeletal tissue analogues using bone decellularized extracellular Matrix with PCL-bioglass composite: A biomimetic approach.

Skeletal tissue injuries and defects remain a major clinical challenge due to the limited regenerative capacity of bone with critical-sized defects and limitations in current grafting methods. Bone-derived decellularized matrix (dECM) offers a bioactive composition with growth factors that closely replicate the native tissue analogues. dECM functions as bioactive scaffold that can replicate the native extracellular matrix for promoting effective tissue repair. In this study, dECM was processed into a printable bioink along with PCL and bioglass to fabricate a three-dimensional scaffold using extrusion-based printing. The scaffold showed a well-connected porous structure, good structural stability, and mechanical strength, appropriate for applications in skeletal tissue engineering. In vitro evaluation demonstrated favorable cell adhesion, proliferation, and osteogenic differentiation, while in vivo implantation indicated enhanced tissue integration. Thereby, CT data-guided 3D printing of personalized scaffolds could be an interesting approach with promise of advanced therapeutic alternatives by reverse engineering tools.