Recent advances in microfluidics and bioelectronics for three-dimensional organoid interfaces.

Organoids offer a promising alternative in biomedical research and clinical medicine, with better feature recapitulation than 2D cultures. They also have more consistent responses with clinical results when compared to animal models. However, major challenges exist in the longevity of culture, the reproducibility of organoid properties, and the development of non-disruptive monitoring methods. Recent advances in materials and microfabrication methods, such as 3D printing and compressive buckling, have enabled three-dimensional (3D) interfaces of microfluidics and bioelectronics to manipulate and monitor these biological models in exciting ways. These advanced systems have great potential for applications in drug delivery, personalized medicine, and disease modeling. We conclude with important future considerations to generate longevity using further technological development in organoid and spheroid models.