Ultrasound-induced modulation of structural organization and in vitro digestibility in highland barley starch-ferulic acid complexes.

This study aimed to investigate the effects of complexes formed by ultrasonicated highland barley starch (UHS) and ferulic acid (FA) at concentrations of 1% to 5% on the functional properties and digestive characteristics of starch. The XRD results showed that UHS formed more V-shaped crystal structures with FA, and the maximum amount of FA increased from 3% to 5%. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy demonstrated that it enhanced the crystallization and hydrogen bond interaction of UHS with FA. The 1H NMR spectrum of the complex revealed a more pronounced low-field shift, confirming that ultrasonic treatment significantly enhanced the interaction between starch and FA. This results in higher crystallinity, more complex structural density, and superior viscoelastic and thermal properties, enhancing anti-digestibility and increasing anti-starch content from 20.69% to 28.22%. UT effectively modulates the complex's physicochemical and digestive properties, suggesting potential applications in functional highland food development.