Orexin-A and motion sickness: a systematic review of animal model studies.

BACKGROUND

Sensory input mismatches among the vestibular system, autonomic control, and visual perception cause motion sickness. Anticholinergics and antihistamines are commonly used but have limited efficacy and cause significant side effects. Orexin-A, a hypothalamic neuropeptide, has recently garnered attention for its potential role in controlling motion sickness.

OBJECTIVE

To summarize current knowledge on the effects and mechanisms of orexin-A in reducing motion sickness, identify gaps, and propose future research directions.

METHODS

Five qualified animal experiments were identified after searching PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane Library, Embase, and WoS. The SYRCLE tool was used to evaluate study quality, followed by a qualitative synthesis.

RESULTS

Orexin-A reduced motion-induced behavioral abnormalities, nausea, and vomiting in rat and cat models. These benefits are likely mediated by the modulation of hypothalamic nuclei activity, enhanced stomach motility, and improved vestibular function. However, several limitations were observed, including inadequate reporting on randomization, blinding, and allocation concealment, as well as heterogeneity in interventions and outcome measures.

CONCLUSION

Animal model studies indicates that orexin-A mitigates motion sickness (MS) symptoms in animal models, but overall certainty is low to moderate owing to risk of bias and indirectness. Rigorous, blinded studies with standardized outcomes-and ultimately, early-phase clinical trials, are needed to clarify therapeutic potential.