Abdominal Approach to Vesicovaginal Fistula.

Principles of abdominal vesicovaginal fistula (VVF) repair include good exposure of the fistulous tract, double-layer bladder closure, retrograde fill of the bladder to ensure a water-tight seal, tension-free closure and continuous postoperative bladder drainage. Minimally invasive approaches, particularly robot-assisted laparoscopy, have demonstrated shorter operative times, decreased blood loss, improved visibility, and similar cure rates without increased adverse events. These techniques are therefore rising in popularity among surgeons. Ultimately, surgical approach to VVF repair depends upon the individual characteristics of the patient and fistula, as well as the preference and experience of the surgeon.