[Limits of percutaneous calculus surgery. Results and new possibilities of the percutaneous approach to the kidney].

After 2 1/2 years experience with percutaneous surgery on 400 kidneys the limits of this new form of endourology are outlined. These are high ureteral stones which can be visualized only by using the flexible fiberscope and the staghorn stones branched into many calyces. The operating technique and the results are discussed. New frontiers of percutaneous surgical possibilities are shown such as incision of strictures at the ureteropelvic junction, resection of urothelial tumors and marsupialization of renal cysts.