Investigation of anticoagulant rodenticide resistance induced by Vkorc1 mutations in rodents in Lebanon.

Anticoagulant rodenticides (AR) remain the most effective chemical substances used to control rodents in order to limit their agricultural and public health damage in both rural and urban environments. The emergence of genetically based resistance to AR worldwide has threatened effective rodent control. This study gives a first overview of the distribution and frequency of single nucleotide polymorphism in the vitamin K epoxide reductase subcomponent 1 (Vkorc1) gene in rodents in Lebanon. In the Mus genus, we detected two missense mutations Leu128Ser and Tyr139Cys, that confer resistance to anticoagulant rodenticides in house mice and a new missense mutation Ala72Val in the Mus macedonicus species, not previously described. In the Rattus genus, we found one missense mutation Leu90Ile in the roof rat and one missense mutation Ser149Ile in the Norway rat. This is the first study to demonstrate potential resistance to AR in Lebanese rodents and therefore it provides data to pest control practitioners to choose the most suitable AR to control rodents in order to keep their efficacy.