Schizophrenia.

Schizophrenia is a challenging and diverse mental health condition with a lifetime prevalence of 0.4%. Schizophrenia usually manifests in late adolescence or early adulthood and is associated with high disability and a reduced life expectancy. Risk factors include genetic predisposition, prenatal and birth complications, infections and immune dysfunction, and cannabis use as well as psychosocial factors such as childhood trauma or migration. The first psychotic episode is often preceded by a long prodromal phase that can last for several years. No markers are yet available for clinical use that allow prediction of disease development or a diagnosis to be established. A leading theory postulates that excitatory-inhibitory (that is, glutamate-GABA) imbalance in the cortex ultimately leads to dysfunction of the dopaminergic system. Schizophrenia is a heterogeneous disease with different manifestations, including psychotic symptoms as well as negative symptoms and global cognitive deficit, that do not respond to antipsychotic drugs, making management very difficult. Pharmacological treatment coupled with psychotherapeutic interventions, such as cognitive behavioural therapy, cognitive remediation and psychoeducation, remains the mainstay of treatment; however, treatment resistance is frequent. The first medication that targets neurotransmitter systems other than dopamine has been approved for use. Current attempts to use virtual reality and avatars to improve psychotic symptoms and smartphone applications to prevent relapses seem promising.