On "minor" adverse effects: some misconceptions affecting the handling of epistemic risks in medical research.

One of the main reasons for discontinuing hormonal contraceptives or switching to less effective methods is the experience of perceived side effects. Users are particularly bothered by symptoms that health professionals consider to be mild and generally tolerable. Although these symptoms are important to users, they are rarely mentioned in evidence-based guidelines; on the contrary, medical professionals often assume that there is no evidence of a link between minor adverse symptoms and hormonal contraceptives. I will argue that this position and the following communication towards is fundamentally grounded in flawed epistemic standards and unsuitable value influences that do not reflect all the epistemic interests relevant to clinical practice. These problematic value influences set a high, unproductive evidence standard.