Diagnosing Thoracic Limb Lameness in Dogs.

Thoracic limb lameness in dogs presents a diagnostic challenge because orthopedic, neurologic, infectious, inflammatory, vascular, and neoplastic disorders may produce overlapping clinical signs. This review provides an evidence-based approach for general practitioners to localize disease using signalment, gait assessment, orthopedic and neurologic examination, and appropriate use of radiography and ultrasonography. Common indications for referral and advanced imaging are discussed, including the roles of computed tomography (CT), MRI, PET-CT, and arthroscopy in complex or unresolved cases. Emphasis is placed on recognition of clinical red flags and timely identification of conditions in which delayed diagnosis may adversely affect prognosis and treatment options.