Selective expansion of gut antibiotic resistome and underlying pathways involved in type 1 diabetes.

Selective expansion of gut antibiotic resistance genes (including glycopeptides, tetracyclines, macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramins, and beta-lactams) was observed in type 1 diabetic rats. Interestingly, a similar expansion of gut antibiotic resistome occurred in diabetic patients. Selective expansion of gut antibiotic resistome was correlated with hyperglycemia and gut microbial community (particularly order Lactobacillales, such as species Lactobacillus johnsonii, Limosilactobacillus urinaemulieris, and Streptococcus hyointestinalis). Furthermore, activation of peptidoglycan biosynthesis and beta-lactam resistance, disturbances in vancomycin resistance, and activation of antimicrobial peptide resistance, lantibiotic biosynthesis and immunity, and transport of antibiotics, peptides, and amino acids were involved in selective expansion of gut antibiotic resistome in type 1 diabetic rats.