Achilles Tendon Laceration and Rupture in Dromedary Camels (Camelus dromedarius): Clinical, Radiographic, Ultrasonographic, and Anatomical Findings.

This study aimed to describe the anatomical composition of the Achilles tendon in dromedary camels and to characterize the clinical, radiographic, and ultrasonographic features of tendon laceration and rupture. Six pelvic limbs from an adult healthy Mejhem camel were dissected following fixation in 10% formaldehyde. Additionally, 19 camels with confirmed Achilles tendon injuries were evaluated clinically and by imaging. Anatomically, the tendon is a composite structure formed by the semitendinosus, gastrocnemius (medial and lateral heads), and superficial digital flexor muscles, arranged in superficial and deep layers and inserting at the tuber calcanei. Clinically, affected camels showed acute hindlimb lameness, reduced weight-bearing, and swelling near the calcaneus. Wadeh camels were more frequently affected than other breeds (p < 0.05-0.001). Age > 2 years (OR = 14.06; p < 0.001) and male sex (OR = 28.4; p < 0.001) were significant risk factors, with blunt trauma as the main cause (p < 0.001). Ruptures were more common than lacerations (OR = 28.4; p < 0.001). Radiography revealed soft tissue swelling and occasional calcaneal avulsion fractures, while ultrasonography showed tendon enlargement, fiber disruption, and hypoechoic gaps. These findings highlight the diagnostic value of combined imaging for accurate evaluation and management.