The rise in ectopic pregnancy--exploration of possible reasons.

The rate of ectopic pregnancies has been rising in the past decade and it is responsible for an increasing proportion of maternal deaths. A history of pelvic inflammatory disease is strongly associated with ectopic pregnancy. There is a higher rate of ectopic pregnancy among intrauterine device users than non-users. A history of abdominal surgery has been associated with ectopic pregnancy and there is some evidence that women taking certain hormonal preparations experience excess ectopic pregnancies. Through a critical review of the literature, the author explores the evidence for these associations. The paper closes with recommendations for future research.