Медицинская библиотека · Lancet (London, England) · 2015
Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 79 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks in 188 countries, 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013.
GBD 2013 Risk Factors Collaborators, Forouzanfar Mohammad H, Alexander Lily, Anderson H Ross, Bachman Victoria F, Biryukov Stan, Brauer Michael, Burnett Richard, Casey Daniel, Coates Matthew M, Cohen Aaron, Delwiche Kristen, Estep Kara, Frostad Joseph J, Astha K C, Kyu Hmwe H, Moradi-Lakeh Maziar, Ng Marie, Slepak Erica Leigh, Thomas Bernadette A, Wagner Joseph, Aasvang Gunn Marit, Abbafati Cristiana, Abbasoglu Ozgoren Ayse, Abd-Allah Foad, Abera Semaw F, Aboyans Victor, Abraham Biju, Abraham Jerry Puthenpurakal, Abubakar Ibrahim, Abu-Rmeileh Niveen M E, Aburto Tania C, Achoki Tom, Adelekan Ademola, Adofo Koranteng, Adou Arsène K, Adsuar José C, Afshin Ashkan, Agardh Emilie E, Al Khabouri Mazin J, Al Lami Faris H, Alam Sayed Saidul, Alasfoor Deena, Albittar Mohammed I, Alegretti Miguel A, Aleman Alicia V, Alemu Zewdie A, Alfonso-Cristancho Rafael, Alhabib Samia, Ali Raghib, Ali Mohammed K, Alla François, Allebeck Peter, Allen Peter J, Alsharif Ubai, Alvarez Elena, Alvis-Guzman Nelson, Amankwaa Adansi A, Amare Azmeraw T, Ameh Emmanuel A, Ameli Omid, Amini Heresh, Ammar Walid, Anderson Benjamin O, Antonio Carl Abelardo T, Anwari Palwasha, Argeseanu Cunningham Solveig, Arnlöv Johan, Arsenijevic Valentina S Arsic, Artaman Al, Asghar Rana J, Assadi Reza, Atkins Lydia S, Atkinson Charles, Avila Marco A, Awuah Baffour, Badawi Alaa, Bahit Maria C, Bakfalouni Talal, Balakrishnan Kalpana, Balalla Shivanthi, Balu Ravi Kumar, Banerjee Amitava, Barber Ryan M, Barker-Collo Suzanne L, Barquera Simon, Barregard Lars, Barrero Lope H, Barrientos-Gutierrez Tonatiuh, Basto-Abreu Ana C, Basu Arindam, Basu Sanjay, Basulaiman Mohammed O, Batis Ruvalcaba Carolina, Beardsley Justin, Bedi Neeraj, Bekele Tolesa, Bell Michelle L, Benjet Corina, Bennett Derrick A, Benzian Habib, Bernabé Eduardo, Beyene Tariku J, Bhala Neeraj, Bhalla Ashish, Bhutta Zulfiqar A, Bikbov Boris, Bin Abdulhak Aref A, Blore Jed D, Blyth Fiona M, Bohensky Megan A, Bora Başara Berrak, Borges Guilherme, Bornstein Natan M, Bose Dipan, Boufous Soufiane, Bourne Rupert R, Brainin Michael, Brazinova Alexandra, Breitborde Nicholas J, Brenner Hermann, Briggs Adam D M, Broday David M, Brooks Peter M, Bruce Nigel G, Brugha Traolach S, Brunekreef Bert, Buchbinder Rachelle, Bui Linh N, Bukhman Gene, Bulloch Andrew G, Burch Michael, Burney Peter G J, Campos-Nonato Ismael R, Campuzano Julio C, Cantoral Alejandra J, Caravanos Jack, Cárdenas Rosario, Cardis Elisabeth, Carpenter David O, Caso Valeria, Castañeda-Orjuela Carlos A, Castro Ruben E, Catalá-López Ferrán, Cavalleri Fiorella, Çavlin Alanur, Chadha Vineet K, Chang Jung-Chen, Charlson Fiona J, Chen Honglei, Chen Wanqing, Chen Zhengming, Chiang Peggy P, Chimed-Ochir Odgerel, Chowdhury Rajiv, Christophi Costas A, Chuang Ting-Wu, Chugh Sumeet S, Cirillo Massimo, Claßen Thomas K D, Colistro Valentina, Colomar Mercedes, Colquhoun Samantha M, Contreras Alejandra G, Cooper Cyrus, Cooperrider Kimberly, Cooper Leslie T, Coresh Josef, Courville Karen J, Criqui Michael H, Cuevas-Nasu Lucia, Damsere-Derry James, Danawi Hadi, Dandona Lalit, Dandona Rakhi, Dargan Paul I, Davis Adrian, Davitoiu Dragos V, Dayama Anand, de Castro E Filipa, De la Cruz-Góngora Vanessa, De Leo Diego, de Lima Graça, Degenhardt Louisa, del Pozo-Cruz Borja, Dellavalle Robert P, Deribe Kebede, Derrett Sarah, Des Jarlais Don C, Dessalegn Muluken, deVeber Gabrielle A, Devries Karen M, Dharmaratne Samath D, Dherani Mukesh K, Dicker Daniel, Ding Eric L, Dokova Klara, Dorsey E Ray, Driscoll Tim R, Duan Leilei, Durrani Adnan M, Ebel Beth E, Ellenbogen Richard G, Elshrek Yousef M, Endres Matthias, Ermakov Sergey P, Erskine Holly E, Eshrati Babak, Esteghamati Alireza, Fahimi Saman, Faraon Emerito Jose A, Farzadfar Farshad, Fay Derek F J, Feigin Valery L, Feigl Andrea B, Fereshtehnejad Seyed-Mohammad, Ferrari Alize J, Ferri Cleusa P, Flaxman Abraham D, Fleming Thomas D, Foigt Nataliya, Foreman Kyle J, Paleo Urbano Fra, Franklin Richard C, Gabbe Belinda, Gaffikin Lynne, Gakidou Emmanuela, Gamkrelidze Amiran, Gankpé Fortuné G, Gansevoort Ron T, García-Guerra Francisco A, Gasana Evariste, Geleijnse Johanna M, Gessner Bradford D, Gething Pete, Gibney Katherine B, Gillum Richard F, Ginawi Ibrahim A M, Giroud Maurice, Giussani Giorgia, Goenka Shifalika, Goginashvili Ketevan, Gomez Dantes Hector, Gona Philimon, Gonzalez de Cosio Teresita, González-Castell Dinorah, Gotay Carolyn C, Goto Atsushi, Gouda Hebe N, Guerrant Richard L, Gugnani Harish C, Guillemin Francis, Gunnell David, Gupta Rahul, Gupta Rajeev, Gutiérrez Reyna A, Hafezi-Nejad Nima, Hagan Holly, Hagstromer Maria, Halasa Yara A, Hamadeh Randah R, Hammami Mouhanad, Hankey Graeme J, Hao Yuantao, Harb Hilda L, Haregu Tilahun Nigatu, Haro Josep Maria, Havmoeller Rasmus, Hay Simon I, Hedayati Mohammad T, Heredia-Pi Ileana B, Hernandez Lucia, Heuton Kyle R, Heydarpour Pouria, Hijar Martha, Hoek Hans W, Hoffman Howard J, Hornberger John C, Hosgood H Dean, Hoy Damian G, Hsairi Mohamed, Hu Guoqing, Hu Howard, Huang Cheng, Huang John J, Hubbell Bryan J, Huiart Laetitia, Husseini Abdullatif, Iannarone Marissa L, Iburg Kim M, Idrisov Bulat T, Ikeda Nayu, Innos Kaire, Inoue Manami, Islami Farhad, Ismayilova Samaya, Jacobsen Kathryn H, Jansen Henrica A, Jarvis Deborah L, Jassal Simerjot K, Jauregui Alejandra, Jayaraman Sudha, Jeemon Panniyammakal, Jensen Paul N, Jha Vivekanand, Jiang Fan, Jiang Guohong, Jiang Ying, Jonas Jost B, Juel Knud, Kan Haidong, Kany Roseline Sidibe S, Karam Nadim E, Karch André, Karema Corine K, Karthikeyan Ganesan, Kaul Anil, Kawakami Norito, Kazi Dhruv S, Kemp Andrew H, Kengne Andre P, Keren Andre, Khader Yousef S, Khalifa Shams Eldin Ali Hassan, Khan Ejaz A, Khang Young-Ho, Khatibzadeh Shahab, Khonelidze Irma, Kieling Christian, Kim Daniel, Kim Sungroul, Kim Yunjin, Kimokoti Ruth W, Kinfu Yohannes, Kinge Jonas M, Kissela Brett M, Kivipelto Miia, Knibbs Luke D, Knudsen Ann Kristin, Kokubo Yoshihiro, Kose M Rifat, Kosen Soewarta, Kraemer Alexander, Kravchenko Michael, Krishnaswami Sanjay, Kromhout Hans, Ku Tiffany, Kuate Defo Barthelemy, Kucuk Bicer Burcu, Kuipers Ernst J, Kulkarni Chanda, Kulkarni Veena S, Kumar G Anil, Kwan Gene F, Lai Taavi, Lakshmana Balaji Arjun, Lalloo Ratilal, Lallukka Tea, Lam Hilton, Lan Qing, Lansingh Van C, Larson Heidi J, Larsson Anders, Laryea Dennis O, Lavados Pablo M, Lawrynowicz Alicia E, Leasher Janet L, Lee Jong-Tae, Leigh James, Leung Ricky, Levi Miriam, Li Yichong, Li Yongmei, Liang Juan, Liang Xiaofeng, Lim Stephen S, Lindsay M Patrice, Lipshultz Steven E, Liu Shiwei, Liu Yang, Lloyd Belinda K, Logroscino Giancarlo, London Stephanie J, Lopez Nancy, Lortet-Tieulent Joannie, Lotufo Paulo A, Lozano Rafael, Lunevicius Raimundas, Ma Jixiang, Ma Stefan, Machado Vasco M P, MacIntyre Michael F, Magis-Rodriguez Carlos, Mahdi Abbas A, Majdan Marek, Malekzadeh Reza, Mangalam Srikanth, Mapoma Christopher C, Marape Marape, Marcenes Wagner, Margolis David J, Margono Christopher, Marks Guy B, Martin Randall V, Marzan Melvin B, Mashal Mohammad T, Masiye Felix, Mason-Jones Amanda J, Matsushita Kunihiro, Matzopoulos Richard, Mayosi Bongani M, Mazorodze Tasara T, McKay Abigail C, McKee Martin, McLain Abigail, Meaney Peter A, Medina Catalina, Mehndiratta Man Mohan, Mejia-Rodriguez Fabiola, Mekonnen Wubegzier, Melaku Yohannes A, Meltzer Michele, Memish Ziad A, Mendoza Walter, Mensah George A, Meretoja Atte, Mhimbira Francis Apolinary, Micha Renata, Miller Ted R, Mills Edward J, Misganaw Awoke, Mishra Santosh, Mohamed Ibrahim Norlinah, Mohammad Karzan A, Mokdad Ali H, Mola Glen L, Monasta Lorenzo, Montañez Hernandez Julio C, Montico Marcella, Moore Ami R, Morawska Lidia, Mori Rintaro, Moschandreas Joanna, Moturi Wilkister N, Mozaffarian Dariush, Mueller Ulrich O, Mukaigawara Mitsuru, Mullany Erin C, Murthy Kinnari S, Naghavi Mohsen, Nahas Ziad, Naheed Aliya, Naidoo Kovin S, Naldi Luigi, Nand Devina, Nangia Vinay, Narayan K M Venkat, Nash Denis, Neal Bruce, Nejjari Chakib, Neupane Sudan P, Newton Charles R, Ngalesoni Frida N, Ngirabega Jean de Dieu, Nguyen Grant, Nguyen Nhung T, Nieuwenhuijsen Mark J, Nisar Muhammad I, Nogueira José R, Nolla Joan M, Nolte Sandra, Norheim Ole F, Norman Rosana E, Norrving Bo, Nyakarahuka Luke, Oh In-Hwan, Ohkubo Takayoshi, Olusanya Bolajoko O, Omer Saad B, Opio John Nelson, Orozco Ricardo, Pagcatipunan Rodolfo S, Pain Amanda W, Pandian Jeyaraj D, Panelo Carlo Irwin A, Papachristou Christina, Park Eun-Kee, Parry Charles D, Paternina Caicedo Angel J, Patten Scott B, Paul Vinod K, Pavlin Boris I, Pearce Neil, Pedraza Lilia S, Pedroza Andrea, Pejin Stokic Ljiljana, Pekericli Ayfer, Pereira David M, Perez-Padilla Rogelio, Perez-Ruiz Fernando, Perico Norberto, Perry Samuel A L, Pervaiz Aslam, Pesudovs Konrad, Peterson Carrie B, Petzold Max, Phillips Michael R, Phua Hwee Pin, Plass Dietrich, Poenaru Dan, Polanczyk Guilherme V, Polinder Suzanne, Pond Constance D, Pope C Arden, Pope Daniel, Popova Svetlana, Pourmalek Farshad, Powles John, Prabhakaran Dorairaj, Prasad Noela M, Qato Dima M, Quezada Amado D, Quistberg D Alex A, Racapé Lionel, Rafay Anwar, Rahimi Kazem, Rahimi-Movaghar Vafa, Rahman Sajjad Ur, Raju Murugesan, Rakovac Ivo, Rana Saleem M, Rao Mayuree, Razavi Homie, Reddy K Srinath, Refaat Amany H, Rehm Jürgen, Remuzzi Giuseppe, Ribeiro Antonio L, Riccio Patricia M, Richardson Lee, Riederer Anne, Robinson Margaret, Roca Anna, Rodriguez Alina, Rojas-Rueda David, Romieu Isabelle, Ronfani Luca, Room Robin, Roy Nobhojit, Ruhago George M, Rushton Lesley, Sabin Nsanzimana, Sacco Ralph L, Saha Sukanta, Sahathevan Ramesh, Sahraian Mohammad Ali, Salomon Joshua A, Salvo Deborah, Sampson Uchechukwu K, Sanabria Juan R, Sanchez Luz Maria, Sánchez-Pimienta Tania G, Sanchez-Riera Lidia, Sandar Logan, Santos Itamar S, Sapkota Amir, Satpathy Maheswar, Saunders James E, Sawhney Monika, Saylan Mete I, Scarborough Peter, Schmidt Jürgen C, Schneider Ione J C, Schöttker Ben, Schwebel David C, Scott James G, Seedat Soraya, Sepanlou Sadaf G, Serdar Berrin, Servan-Mori Edson E, Shaddick Gavin, Shahraz Saeid, Levy Teresa Shamah, Shangguan Siyi, She Jun, Sheikhbahaei Sara, Shibuya Kenji, Shin Hwashin H, Shinohara Yukito, Shiri Rahman, Shishani Kawkab, Shiue Ivy, Sigfusdottir Inga D, Silberberg Donald H, Simard Edgar P, Sindi Shireen, Singh Abhishek, Singh Gitanjali M, Singh Jasvinder A, Skirbekk Vegard, Sliwa Karen, Soljak Michael, Soneji Samir, Søreide Kjetil, Soshnikov Sergey, Sposato Luciano A, Sreeramareddy Chandrashekhar T, Stapelberg Nicolas J C, Stathopoulou Vasiliki, Steckling Nadine, Stein Dan J, Stein Murray B, Stephens Natalie, Stöckl Heidi, Straif Kurt, Stroumpoulis Konstantinos, Sturua Lela, Sunguya Bruno F, Swaminathan Soumya, Swaroop Mamta, Sykes Bryan L, Tabb Karen M, Takahashi Ken, Talongwa Roberto T, Tandon Nikhil, Tanne David, Tanner Marcel, Tavakkoli Mohammad, Te Ao Braden J, Teixeira Carolina M, Téllez Rojo Martha M, Terkawi Abdullah S, Texcalac-Sangrador José Luis, Thackway Sarah V, Thomson Blake, Thorne-Lyman Andrew L, Thrift Amanda G, Thurston George D, Tillmann Taavi, Tobollik Myriam, Tonelli Marcello, Topouzis Fotis, Towbin Jeffrey A, Toyoshima Hideaki, Traebert Jefferson, Tran Bach X, Trasande Leonardo, Trillini Matias, Trujillo Ulises, Dimbuene Zacharie Tsala, Tsilimbaris Miltiadis, Tuzcu Emin Murat, Uchendu Uche S, Ukwaja Kingsley N, Uzun Selen B, van de Vijver Steven, Van Dingenen Rita, van Gool Coen H, van Os Jim, Varakin Yuri Y, Vasankari Tommi J, Vasconcelos Ana Maria N, Vavilala Monica S, Veerman Lennert J, Velasquez-Melendez Gustavo, Venketasubramanian N, Vijayakumar Lakshmi, Villalpando Salvador, Violante Francesco S, Vlassov Vasiliy Victorovich, Vollset Stein Emil, Wagner Gregory R, Waller Stephen G, Wallin Mitchell T, Wan Xia, Wang Haidong, Wang JianLi, Wang Linhong, Wang Wenzhi, Wang Yanping, Warouw Tati S, Watts Charlotte H, Weichenthal Scott, Weiderpass Elisabete, Weintraub Robert G, Werdecker Andrea, Wessells K Ryan, Westerman Ronny, Whiteford Harvey A, Wilkinson James D, Williams Hywel C, Williams Thomas N, Woldeyohannes Solomon M, Wolfe Charles D A, Wong John Q, Woolf Anthony D, Wright Jonathan L, Wurtz Brittany, Xu Gelin, Yan Lijing L, Yang Gonghuan, Yano Yuichiro, Ye Pengpeng, Yenesew Muluken, Yentür Gökalp K, Yip Paul, Yonemoto Naohiro, Yoon Seok-Jun, Younis Mustafa Z, Younoussi Zourkaleini, Yu Chuanhua, Zaki Maysaa E, Zhao Yong, Zheng Yingfeng, Zhou Maigeng, Zhu Jun, Zhu Shankuan, Zou Xiaonong, Zunt Joseph R, Lopez Alan D, Vos Theo, Murray Christopher J
Сравнительное исследованиеСтатьяResearch Support, N.I.H., IntramuralПоддержка исследования: вне правительства СШАПеревод в очереди
Аннотация
BACKGROUND
The Global Burden of Disease, Injuries, and Risk Factor study 2013 (GBD 2013) is the first of a series of annual updates of the GBD. Risk factor quantification, particularly of modifiable risk factors, can help to identify emerging threats to population health and opportunities for prevention. The GBD 2013 provides a timely opportunity to update the comparative risk assessment with new data for exposure, relative risks, and evidence on the appropriate counterfactual risk distribution.
METHODS
Attributable deaths, years of life lost, years lived with disability, and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) have been estimated for 79 risks or clusters of risks using the GBD 2010 methods. Risk-outcome pairs meeting explicit evidence criteria were assessed for 188 countries for the period 1990-2013 by age and sex using three inputs: risk exposure, relative risks, and the theoretical minimum risk exposure level (TMREL). Risks are organised into a hierarchy with blocks of behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks at the first level of the hierarchy. The next level in the hierarchy includes nine clusters of related risks and two individual risks, with more detail provided at levels 3 and 4 of the hierarchy. Compared with GBD 2010, six new risk factors have been added: handwashing practices, occupational exposure to trichloroethylene, childhood wasting, childhood stunting, unsafe sex, and low glomerular filtration rate. For most risks, data for exposure were synthesised with a Bayesian meta-regression method, DisMod-MR 2.0, or spatial-temporal Gaussian process regression. Relative risks were based on meta-regressions of published cohort and intervention studies. Attributable burden for clusters of risks and all risks combined took into account evidence on the mediation of some risks such as high body-mass index (BMI) through other risks such as high systolic blood pressure and high cholesterol.
FINDINGS: All risks combined account for 57·2% (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 55·8-58·5) of deaths and 41·6% (40·1-43·0) of DALYs. Risks quantified account for 87·9% (86·5-89·3) of cardiovascular disease DALYs, ranging to a low of 0% for neonatal disorders and neglected tropical diseases and malaria. In terms of global DALYs in 2013, six risks or clusters of risks each caused more than 5% of DALYs: dietary risks accounting for 11·3 million deaths and 241·4 million DALYs, high systolic blood pressure for 10·4 million deaths and 208·1 million DALYs, child and maternal malnutrition for 1·7 million deaths and 176·9 million DALYs, tobacco smoke for 6·1 million deaths and 143·5 million DALYs, air pollution for 5·5 million deaths and 141·5 million DALYs, and high BMI for 4·4 million deaths and 134·0 million DALYs. Risk factor patterns vary across regions and countries and with time. In sub-Saharan Africa, the leading risk factors are child and maternal malnutrition, unsafe sex, and unsafe water, sanitation, and handwashing. In women, in nearly all countries in the Americas, north Africa, and the Middle East, and in many other high-income countries, high BMI is the leading risk factor, with high systolic blood pressure as the leading risk in most of Central and Eastern Europe and south and east Asia. For men, high systolic blood pressure or tobacco use are the leading risks in nearly all high-income countries, in north Africa and the Middle East, Europe, and Asia. For men and women, unsafe sex is the leading risk in a corridor from Kenya to South Africa.
INTERPRETATION: Behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks can explain half of global mortality and more than one-third of global DALYs providing many opportunities for prevention. Of the larger risks, the attributable burden of high BMI has increased in the past 23 years. In view of the prominence of behavioural risk factors, behavioural and social science research on interventions for these risks should be strengthened. Many prevention and primary care policy options are available now to act on key risks.
FUNDING: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
Для цитирования: GBD 2013 Risk Factors Collaborators, Forouzanfar Mohammad H, Alexander Lily, Anderson H Ross, Bachman Victoria F, Biryukov Stan, Brauer Michael, Burnett Richard, Casey Daniel, Coates Matthew M, Cohen Aaron, Delwiche Kristen, Estep Kara, Frostad Joseph J, Astha K C, Kyu Hmwe H, Moradi-Lakeh Maziar, Ng Marie, Slepak Erica Leigh, Thomas Bernadette A, Wagner Joseph, Aasvang Gunn Marit, Abbafati Cristiana, Abbasoglu Ozgoren Ayse, Abd-Allah Foad, Abera Semaw F, Aboyans Victor, Abraham Biju, Abraham Jerry Puthenpurakal, Abubakar Ibrahim, Abu-Rmeileh Niveen M E, Aburto Tania C, Achoki Tom, Adelekan Ademola, Adofo Koranteng, Adou Arsène K, Adsuar José C, Afshin Ashkan, Agardh Emilie E, Al Khabouri Mazin J, Al Lami Faris H, Alam Sayed Saidul, Alasfoor Deena, Albittar Mohammed I, Alegretti Miguel A, Aleman Alicia V, Alemu Zewdie A, Alfonso-Cristancho Rafael, Alhabib Samia, Ali Raghib, Ali Mohammed K, Alla François, Allebeck Peter, Allen Peter J, Alsharif Ubai, Alvarez Elena, Alvis-Guzman Nelson, Amankwaa Adansi A, Amare Azmeraw T, Ameh Emmanuel A, Ameli Omid, Amini Heresh, Ammar Walid, Anderson Benjamin O, Antonio Carl Abelardo T, Anwari Palwasha, Argeseanu Cunningham Solveig, Arnlöv Johan, Arsenijevic Valentina S Arsic, Artaman Al, Asghar Rana J, Assadi Reza, Atkins Lydia S, Atkinson Charles, Avila Marco A, Awuah Baffour, Badawi Alaa, Bahit Maria C, Bakfalouni Talal, Balakrishnan Kalpana, Balalla Shivanthi, Balu Ravi Kumar, Banerjee Amitava, Barber Ryan M, Barker-Collo Suzanne L, Barquera Simon, Barregard Lars, Barrero Lope H, Barrientos-Gutierrez Tonatiuh, Basto-Abreu Ana C, Basu Arindam, Basu Sanjay, Basulaiman Mohammed O, Batis Ruvalcaba Carolina, Beardsley Justin, Bedi Neeraj, Bekele Tolesa, Bell Michelle L, Benjet Corina, Bennett Derrick A, Benzian Habib, Bernabé Eduardo, Beyene Tariku J, Bhala Neeraj, Bhalla Ashish, Bhutta Zulfiqar A, Bikbov Boris, Bin Abdulhak Aref A, Blore Jed D, Blyth Fiona M, Bohensky Megan A, Bora Başara Berrak, Borges Guilherme, Bornstein Natan M, Bose Dipan, Boufous Soufiane, Bourne Rupert R, Brainin Michael, Brazinova Alexandra, Breitborde Nicholas J, Brenner Hermann, Briggs Adam D M, Broday David M, Brooks Peter M, Bruce Nigel G, Brugha Traolach S, Brunekreef Bert, Buchbinder Rachelle, Bui Linh N, Bukhman Gene, Bulloch Andrew G, Burch Michael, Burney Peter G J, Campos-Nonato Ismael R, Campuzano Julio C, Cantoral Alejandra J, Caravanos Jack, Cárdenas Rosario, Cardis Elisabeth, Carpenter David O, Caso Valeria, Castañeda-Orjuela Carlos A, Castro Ruben E, Catalá-López Ferrán, Cavalleri Fiorella, Çavlin Alanur, Chadha Vineet K, Chang Jung-Chen, Charlson Fiona J, Chen Honglei, Chen Wanqing, Chen Zhengming, Chiang Peggy P, Chimed-Ochir Odgerel, Chowdhury Rajiv, Christophi Costas A, Chuang Ting-Wu, Chugh Sumeet S, Cirillo Massimo, Claßen Thomas K D, Colistro Valentina, Colomar Mercedes, Colquhoun Samantha M, Contreras Alejandra G, Cooper Cyrus, Cooperrider Kimberly, Cooper Leslie T, Coresh Josef, Courville Karen J, Criqui Michael H, Cuevas-Nasu Lucia, Damsere-Derry James, Danawi Hadi, Dandona Lalit, Dandona Rakhi, Dargan Paul I, Davis Adrian, Davitoiu Dragos V, Dayama Anand, de Castro E Filipa, De la Cruz-Góngora Vanessa, De Leo Diego, de Lima Graça, Degenhardt Louisa, del Pozo-Cruz Borja, Dellavalle Robert P, Deribe Kebede, Derrett Sarah, Des Jarlais Don C, Dessalegn Muluken, deVeber Gabrielle A, Devries Karen M, Dharmaratne Samath D, Dherani Mukesh K, Dicker Daniel, Ding Eric L, Dokova Klara, Dorsey E Ray, Driscoll Tim R, Duan Leilei, Durrani Adnan M, Ebel Beth E, Ellenbogen Richard G, Elshrek Yousef M, Endres Matthias, Ermakov Sergey P, Erskine Holly E, Eshrati Babak, Esteghamati Alireza, Fahimi Saman, Faraon Emerito Jose A, Farzadfar Farshad, Fay Derek F J, Feigin Valery L, Feigl Andrea B, Fereshtehnejad Seyed-Mohammad, Ferrari Alize J, Ferri Cleusa P, Flaxman Abraham D, Fleming Thomas D, Foigt Nataliya, Foreman Kyle J, Paleo Urbano Fra, Franklin Richard C, Gabbe Belinda, Gaffikin Lynne, Gakidou Emmanuela, Gamkrelidze Amiran, Gankpé Fortuné G, Gansevoort Ron T, García-Guerra Francisco A, Gasana Evariste, Geleijnse Johanna M, Gessner Bradford D, Gething Pete, Gibney Katherine B, Gillum Richard F, Ginawi Ibrahim A M, Giroud Maurice, Giussani Giorgia, Goenka Shifalika, Goginashvili Ketevan, Gomez Dantes Hector, Gona Philimon, Gonzalez de Cosio Teresita, González-Castell Dinorah, Gotay Carolyn C, Goto Atsushi, Gouda Hebe N, Guerrant Richard L, Gugnani Harish C, Guillemin Francis, Gunnell David, Gupta Rahul, Gupta Rajeev, Gutiérrez Reyna A, Hafezi-Nejad Nima, Hagan Holly, Hagstromer Maria, Halasa Yara A, Hamadeh Randah R, Hammami Mouhanad, Hankey Graeme J, Hao Yuantao, Harb Hilda L, Haregu Tilahun Nigatu, Haro Josep Maria, Havmoeller Rasmus, Hay Simon I, Hedayati Mohammad T, Heredia-Pi Ileana B, Hernandez Lucia, Heuton Kyle R, Heydarpour Pouria, Hijar Martha, Hoek Hans W, Hoffman Howard J, Hornberger John C, Hosgood H Dean, Hoy Damian G, Hsairi Mohamed, Hu Guoqing, Hu Howard, Huang Cheng, Huang John J, Hubbell Bryan J, Huiart Laetitia, Husseini Abdullatif, Iannarone Marissa L, Iburg Kim M, Idrisov Bulat T, Ikeda Nayu, Innos Kaire, Inoue Manami, Islami Farhad, Ismayilova Samaya, Jacobsen Kathryn H, Jansen Henrica A, Jarvis Deborah L, Jassal Simerjot K, Jauregui Alejandra, Jayaraman Sudha, Jeemon Panniyammakal, Jensen Paul N, Jha Vivekanand, Jiang Fan, Jiang Guohong, Jiang Ying, Jonas Jost B, Juel Knud, Kan Haidong, Kany Roseline Sidibe S, Karam Nadim E, Karch André, Karema Corine K, Karthikeyan Ganesan, Kaul Anil, Kawakami Norito, Kazi Dhruv S, Kemp Andrew H, Kengne Andre P, Keren Andre, Khader Yousef S, Khalifa Shams Eldin Ali Hassan, Khan Ejaz A, Khang Young-Ho, Khatibzadeh Shahab, Khonelidze Irma, Kieling Christian, Kim Daniel, Kim Sungroul, Kim Yunjin, Kimokoti Ruth W, Kinfu Yohannes, Kinge Jonas M, Kissela Brett M, Kivipelto Miia, Knibbs Luke D, Knudsen Ann Kristin, Kokubo Yoshihiro, Kose M Rifat, Kosen Soewarta, Kraemer Alexander, Kravchenko Michael, Krishnaswami Sanjay, Kromhout Hans, Ku Tiffany, Kuate Defo Barthelemy, Kucuk Bicer Burcu, Kuipers Ernst J, Kulkarni Chanda, Kulkarni Veena S, Kumar G Anil, Kwan Gene F, Lai Taavi, Lakshmana Balaji Arjun, Lalloo Ratilal, Lallukka Tea, Lam Hilton, Lan Qing, Lansingh Van C, Larson Heidi J, Larsson Anders, Laryea Dennis O, Lavados Pablo M, Lawrynowicz Alicia E, Leasher Janet L, Lee Jong-Tae, Leigh James, Leung Ricky, Levi Miriam, Li Yichong, Li Yongmei, Liang Juan, Liang Xiaofeng, Lim Stephen S, Lindsay M Patrice, Lipshultz Steven E, Liu Shiwei, Liu Yang, Lloyd Belinda K, Logroscino Giancarlo, London Stephanie J, Lopez Nancy, Lortet-Tieulent Joannie, Lotufo Paulo A, Lozano Rafael, Lunevicius Raimundas, Ma Jixiang, Ma Stefan, Machado Vasco M P, MacIntyre Michael F, Magis-Rodriguez Carlos, Mahdi Abbas A, Majdan Marek, Malekzadeh Reza, Mangalam Srikanth, Mapoma Christopher C, Marape Marape, Marcenes Wagner, Margolis David J, Margono Christopher, Marks Guy B, Martin Randall 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