Congenital Central Hypoventilation Syndrome and Disorders of Control of Ventilation.

Congenital disorders of ventilatory control typically manifest as central apneas, periodic breathing, and hypoventilation in the neonatal period, but some may present at a later age. Obstructive apneas may be the initial presentation, and some may have associated autonomic nervous system dysfunction. Individuals with these disorders can have absent or impaired ventilatory and arousal responses to hypoxemia and hypercapnia. This article discusses the presentation, pathophysiology, evaluation, and management of congenital central hypoventilation syndrome, rapid-onset obesity with hypothalamic dysfunction, hypoventilation, and autonomic dysregulation (ROHHAD) syndrome, Prader-Willi syndrome, and myelomeningocele.