Nature meets immunity: curcumin's role in modulating neutrophil extracellular traps.

NETosis represents a distinct type of neutrophil activation, marked by the discharge of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) network-like formations mainly consisting of decondensed chromatin interspersed with antimicrobial proteins sourced from neutrophil granules and cytoplasmic components. Although NETosis are essential for host defense, their overproduction is associated with tissue injury, vascular blockage, and prolonged inflammation, which plays a significant role in the development of numerous inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. Curcumin, a naturally occurring polyphenol known for its strong anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects, has been recognized as a potential modulator of NETosis. This review examines the molecular mechanisms through which curcumin reduces NET formation, focusing on the regulation of oxidative stress-responsive pathways, inflammatory signaling pathways such as MEK/ERK, and the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome. Additionally, it emphasizes curcumin's therapeutic potential in conditions characterized by abnormal NETs activity.