Clean intermittent self-catheterisation: working with patients.

Clean intermittent self-catheterisation is carried out when the bladder cannot be emptied adequately by voiding. Because learning how to self-catheterise can be daunting, it is essential that the nurse has the time, knowledge and skills necessary support the patient during the learning phase, so that he or she can develop confidence and master the technique. Causes for urinary retention are considered and step-by-step instructions are given for both female and male patients, including problems that may be encountered and how these can be overcome. Examples of catheters and other aids available are suggested, with reference to particular features they may have, to overcome difficulties or to assist patients with particular needs. Issues including infection, frequency of catheterisation and fluid intake are also discussed.