Female bladder outlet obstruction: an update on diagnosis and management.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: The diagnosis and evaluation of bladder outlet obstruction (BOO) in women remains a challenging topic. The goal of this study is to review recent literature and summarize the diagnosis and management of BOO with special focus on recent progress.

RECENT FINDINGS: In recent years, numerous advances in the area of female BOO have taken place including a movement towards unified diagnostic criteria, summary of functional and anatomic causes, and exploration of potential diagnostic options.

SUMMARY: This review discusses the known diagnosis and management of female bladder outlet obstruction, yet highlights specific functional causes, new criteria available for diagnosis, and long-term results of treatment options.