Executive Function Profiles in ADHD and Dyslexia: A Mixed-Method Neurocognitive Analysis.

Background/

Objectives

Executive function (EF) impairments are common in neurodevelopmental disorders but are often examined using group-level approaches that may overlook clinically meaningful cognitive heterogeneity. This study explored EF heterogeneity in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), developmental dyslexia, and comorbid presentations using a clinically grounded mixed-method approach.

Methods

Standardized neuropsychological data from the NEPSY-II, WISC-IV, and Woodcock-Johnson IV batteries were integrated with a case-based thematic synthesis of 11 clinical evaluations. Semi-inductive analysis was informed by preliminary patterns observed in a larger clinical sample.

Results

Three executive function profiles were identified: (1) globally reduced executive functioning, characterized by widespread deficits in inhibition, attention, and working memory; (2) verbal-mnestic executive vulnerability, marked by weaknesses in verbal memory and attention regulation despite relative cognitive strengths; and (3) selective executive control deficit, reflecting impairments in inhibitory control and self-regulation. These profiles revealed clinically meaningful patterns that were not fully captured by categorical diagnostic classifications.

Conclusions

The findings support the value of integrated, profile-based approaches for understanding executive function heterogeneity in neurodevelopmental conditions. Such approaches may enhance ecological validity in assessment and contribute to individualized intervention planning. Given the exploratory and case-based nature of the study, the findings should be considered preliminary and hypothesis-generating.