Frontiers in public health · 2026
Association of prenatal parabens exposure with adverse pregnancy outcomes: the role of prenatal depressive symptoms.
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Chang Mengjun, Li Xianjia, Li Ye, Lv Yueyi, Ji Jin, Liu Can, Du Yunyun, Ma Shuqin, Guan Suzhen
Аннотация
BACKGROUND: Parabens (PBs) are common endocrine-disrupting preservatives linked to adverse pregnancy outcomes, while prenatal depressive symptoms are also prevalent and harmful. Their combined effects remain poorly understood.
OBJECTIVE: To examine individual and joint associations of prenatal PBs exposure with adverse pregnancy outcomes (APOs) and to assess modification by maternal depressive symptoms.
METHODS: A prospective cohort of 934 mother-infant pairs from Ningxia, China, was analyzed. Maternal serum concentrations of five PBs were measured by HPLC-MS/MS. Depressive symptoms were assessed using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale. APOs included small vulnerable newborns, macrosomia, fetal distress, and asphyxia. Logistic regression and quantile g-computation were used, with stratified and interaction analyses.
RESULTS: In the overall cohort, propylparaben (PrP) was significantly associated with fetal distress (OR = 1.25, 95% CI: 1.05-1.49), while mixed PBs exposure increased the risk of macrosomia (OR = 1.62, 95% CI: 1.06-2.48). Quantile g-computation revealed that ethylparaben (EtP), PrP, and heptylparaben (HeP) were the primary contributors to the mixture effect on macrosomia. Maternal depressive symptoms significantly modified these associations: among women with depressive symptoms (n = 418), PrP was associated with overall APOs (OR = 1.21, 95% CI: 1.03-1.41), and EtP was linked to small vulnerable newborns (OR = 1.20, 95% CI: 1.04-1.38). In contrast, no significant associations were observed in women without significant depressive symptoms. Interaction analyses confirmed significant effect modification by depressive symptoms for PrP (P-int = 0.049) and EtP (P-int = 0.024).
CONCLUSION: Prenatal PBs exposure is associated with increased APOs risk, particularly among women with depressive symptoms, underscoring the importance of integrating environmental and mental health considerations into prenatal care.
OBJECTIVE: To examine individual and joint associations of prenatal PBs exposure with adverse pregnancy outcomes (APOs) and to assess modification by maternal depressive symptoms.
METHODS: A prospective cohort of 934 mother-infant pairs from Ningxia, China, was analyzed. Maternal serum concentrations of five PBs were measured by HPLC-MS/MS. Depressive symptoms were assessed using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale. APOs included small vulnerable newborns, macrosomia, fetal distress, and asphyxia. Logistic regression and quantile g-computation were used, with stratified and interaction analyses.
RESULTS: In the overall cohort, propylparaben (PrP) was significantly associated with fetal distress (OR = 1.25, 95% CI: 1.05-1.49), while mixed PBs exposure increased the risk of macrosomia (OR = 1.62, 95% CI: 1.06-2.48). Quantile g-computation revealed that ethylparaben (EtP), PrP, and heptylparaben (HeP) were the primary contributors to the mixture effect on macrosomia. Maternal depressive symptoms significantly modified these associations: among women with depressive symptoms (n = 418), PrP was associated with overall APOs (OR = 1.21, 95% CI: 1.03-1.41), and EtP was linked to small vulnerable newborns (OR = 1.20, 95% CI: 1.04-1.38). In contrast, no significant associations were observed in women without significant depressive symptoms. Interaction analyses confirmed significant effect modification by depressive symptoms for PrP (P-int = 0.049) and EtP (P-int = 0.024).
CONCLUSION: Prenatal PBs exposure is associated with increased APOs risk, particularly among women with depressive symptoms, underscoring the importance of integrating environmental and mental health considerations into prenatal care.