Structure-guided allosteric modulation of the delta opioid receptor.

Opioid analgesics remain essential for pain management but are associated with significant adverse effects, including respiratory depression, tolerance, and dependence. The δ-opioid receptor (δOR) represents a promising therapeutic target for developing safer opioid analgesics with reduced adverse effects compared to conventional μ-opioid receptor-targeting drugs. Positive allosteric modulators (PAMs) offer advantages over direct agonists by enhancing endogenous opioid signaling while preserving natural spatiotemporal activation patterns, potentially avoiding tolerance and dependence issues. Here, we present high-resolution cryo-EM structures of δOR complexed with the peptide agonist DADLE and the PAM MIPS3614, revealing a lipid-facing allosteric binding site formed by transmembrane helices 2, 3, and 4. MIPS3614 stabilizes the active receptor conformation through a critical hydrogen bond with residue N1313.35 in the conserved sodium binding site, a key regulatory region controlling GPCR activation. Comprehensive mutagenesis, molecular dynamics simulations, and structure-activity relationships validate this proposed mechanism. Structure-guided optimization yields MIPS3983 with enhanced binding affinity and retained cooperativity. Our findings describe a molecular basis for δOR allosteric modulation and provide structural information relevant to the rational design of opioid therapeutics with improved safety profiles.