Intra- and extracranial atherosclerotic stenosis in China: epidemiology, diagnosis, treatment and risk factors.

AIMS: To review prevalence, causes and management of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA).

MATERIALS AND

METHODS

Review of literature and data.

RESULTS

Approximately 70% of the least developed countries of the world are in SSA. Rapid urbanization is occurring in many parts of the continent, contributing to overcrowding and poverty. While infections and parasitic diseases are still the leading cause of death in Africa, non-communicable diseases are coming to the forefront. There is a continuing "brain drain" of healthcare workers (physicians and nurses) from Africa to more affluent regions. There are large rural areas of Africa that have no health professionals to serve these populations. There are no nephrologists in many parts of SSA; the numbers vary from 0.5 per million population (pmp) in Kenya to 0.6 pmp in Nigeria, 0.7 pmp in Sudan and 1.1 pmp in South Africa. Chronic kidney disease affects mainly young adults aged 20 - 50 years in SSA and is primarily due to hypertension and glomerular diseases. HIV- related glomerular disease often presents late, with patients requiring dialysis. Diabetes mellitus affects 9.4 million people in Africa. The prevalence of diabetic nephropathy is estimated to be 6 - 16% in SSA. The current dialysis treatment rate is < 20 pmp (and nil in many countries of SSA), with in-center hemodialysis the modality of RRT for the majority. Transplantation is carried out in a few SSA countries: South Africa, Nigeria, Mauritius and Ghana, with most of the transplants being living donor transplants, except in South Africa where the majority are from deceased donors.

CONCLUSION

Chronic kidney disease care is especially challenging in SSA, with large numbers of ESRD patients, inadequate facilities, funding and support.