Metabolomics of nephrotic syndrome.

This chapter reviews the emerging role of metabolomics in nephrotic syndrome (NS), a kidney disorder characterized by proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, edema, and hyperlipidemia. Metabolomics provides valuable insights into the complex metabolic changes associated with NS, including disruptions in lipid, amino acid, and energy metabolism and oxidative stress markers. Through untargeted and targeted approaches, metabolomics enables the discovery of novel potential biomarkers that could enhance diagnosis, monitor disease progression, and personalize treatment strategies. Despite challenges such as methodological variability and the need for extensive computational resources, advancements in metabolomics technology and data integration are poised to improve our understanding of NS. Integrating metabolomics with genomics and proteomics may enable a comprehensive molecular profile of NS, offering new opportunities for precision medicine and improved patient outcomes.