Case report: Hyperacute rejection of living relative kidney transplantation caused by colony-stimulating factor 2 antibodies.

Kidney transplantation (KT) stands as a highly effective, life-saving intervention for patients with end-stage renal disease, offering substantial improvements in both quality of life and long-term survival. However, one of the most critical challenges that can arise in this procedure is hyperacute rejection (HR). This severe immune response occurs almost immediately after transplantation and can place the patient at a heightened risk of serious complications and even drastically jeopardizes the survival of the transplanted kidney. This study reports a case of HR mediated by colony-stimulating factor 2 (CSF2) antibodies following living-related KT, elaborates on its clinical features, diagnostic workflow, and therapeutic management, and analyzes the role of CSF2 antibodies in KT-related immunity. The findings aim to provide clinical reference for optimizing HR prevention and management in KT practice.