Descriptive clinical observation of fetal monstrosities causing dystocia in bovines: Management strategies and maternal outcomes.

BACKGROUND

Fetal monstrosities are uncommon but important causes of dystocia in bovines and often require specialized obstetrical intervention. This prospective case series documented the clinical presentation, management strategies, and maternal outcomes of bovine dystocia associated with fetal monstrosities presented to a referral veterinary hospital.

METHODS

A prospective observational study was conducted at the Teaching Veterinary Clinical Complex from June 2024 to March 2026. Thirteen dams (buffaloes, n = 8; cattle, n = 5) diagnosed with fetal monstrosities following clinical and obstetrical examination were included. Clinical history, duration of dystocia prior to presentation, obstetrical findings, and maternal status were recorded. Following stabilization with fluid therapy and supportive treatment, animals underwent mutation and obstetrical traction (n = 3), fetotomy (n = 3), or caesarean section (n = 7), depending on the nature of the fetal anomaly, degree of fetomaternal disproportion, and cervical dilatation. Maternal outcome and resumption of lactation were monitored during the recovery period.

RESULTS

The mean duration of dystocia prior to presentation was 7.85 ± 8.01 h (median 6 h; range 2-30 h). Fetal anomalies included fetal ascites, schistosomus reflexus, monocephalus tetrabrachius tetrapus dicaudatus, ischiopagus twins, acephalus monoophthalmus, arachnomelia, perosomus elumbis, and dizygotic twins. Overall, maternal survival was achieved in 10 of 13 cases. Survival was observed in 7/8 buffaloes and 3/5 cattle, while 5/6 non-surgical and 5/7 surgical cases survived. All three mortalities occurred in animals with prolonged dystocia and a history of unsuccessful field interventions prior to referral. Surviving dams resumed feeding within 24-48 h and returned to lactation within 1-2 weeks.

CONCLUSION

This case series highlights the spectrum of fetal monstrosities encountered in bovine obstetrical practice and emphasizes the importance of timely referral, thorough clinical assessment, appropriate selection of obstetrical interventions, and intensive perioperative care to achieve favorable maternal outcomes.