Mood and behavioural disorders following traumatic brain injury: clinical evaluation and pharmacological management.

In order to investigate phamacotherapeutic responsiveness of major depression and other behavioural disturbances associated with traumatic brain injury (TBI), 20 post-TBI patients were diagnosed as being depressed by two independent neuropsychiatrist observers, out of 37 consecutive TBI subjects sent to psychiatric counselling for poor compliance during rehabilitation programmes or psychiatric/behavioural disturbances after return to society. They were subsequently divided into two subgroups, depending on time elapsed from trauma (A: within 6 months; B: at 24-36 months post-trauma) and were enrolled in an open informed pharmachological study. Rating at baseline included Glasgow Coma Score on hospital admission, length of coma, length of hospitalization, Functional Independence Measure (FIM), Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) and Clinical Global Impression scale (CGI). BPRS and CGI were repeated after 12 weeks of oral administration of citalopram (20 mg a day) and carbamazepine (600 mg a day). At baseline, psychiatric symptoms in group B were worse than in group A (particularly somatic overconcern, anxiety, depressed mood, psychomotor slowness, inappropriate and labile affect). At T1, the global (group A and B combined) CGI and BPRS scores showed a statistically significant improvement when compared with T0, even if group B scores remained higher than group A. The results of this study suggest that: (a) citalopram combined with carbamazepine is effective in reducing depression and behavioural disorders following TBI, and (b) these disturbances should be addressed as soon as possible during the acute rehabilitation period.