Shared and unique therapeutic mechanisms in BDSM practices and empirically supported PTSD psychotherapies.

INTRODUCTION: Trauma-exposed individuals increasingly describe consensual BDSM (bondage/discipline, dominance/submission, sadism/masochism) practices as salutary and, at times, intentionally therapeutic. However, the field lacks an organizing theoretical framework for how BDSM practices may engage mechanisms targeted by empirically supported treatments (ESTs) for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), particularly PTSD related to sexual trauma.

METHODS: This narrative review synthesizes clinical and empirical literatures on BDSM, trauma play, and "gold-standard" PTSD interventions to map convergent and divergent mechanisms of change.

RESULTS: We present evidence that BDSM scenes and dynamics may engage core mechanisms of existing PTSD ESTs, including negotiated safety, graded exposure to feared cues, emotion regulation, cognitive reappraisal/rescripting, agency and boundary restoration, shifts in self-concept, and corrective relational experiences (both dyadic and communal). We additionally highlight mechanisms with unique features in BDSM contexts-cathartic release, non-verbal/somatic processing, and liberation-oriented engagement with constructs of power and systemic oppression-and discuss how these "BDSM mechanisms" may address recent critiques of PTSD ESTs.

DISCUSSION: Clinical implications include incorporating kink practices into assessment and case formulation; supporting culturally humble, stigma-free inquiry; and clarifying when kink-related practices function as safety behaviors versus supporting therapeutic exposures. We conclude with a research agenda emphasizing longitudinal, controlled tests of "kink-concurrent" trauma treatment, mechanism-focused measurement, and mixed-method designs to evaluate outcomes spanning PTSD and sexual wellbeing.