Nocturia: An overview of current evaluation and treatment strategies.

Nocturia is a common clinical condition that severely affects patients' quality of life and is strongly associated with complications such as depression, cognitive dysfunction, mood disorders, and fall-related injuries. The etiology of nocturia is complex and mainly includes increased total urine output, nocturnal polyuria, decreased functional bladder capacity, sleep disorders, and confounding factors. In recent years, with the in-depth study of the pathophysiological mechanisms of nocturia, the diagnostic methods have been updated, and the application of tools such as the frequency volume chart, bladder capacity index, and bladder diary have provided an important basis for the precise identification of the etiology. Behavior modification has been widely used in clinical practice as a first-line treatment. In addition, advances in pharmacotherapy have provided new directions for the management of nocturia, and the efficacy and safety of α-blockers, cholinergic receptor antagonists, adrenergic β-agonists, desmopressin, melatonin, and other medications have been gradually validated. However, there are still some limitations in the existing studies, especially in the long-term safety and efficacy of drug therapy as well as the mechanism of action still need to be further explored. This article reviews the latest research advances in nocturia, aiming to provide clinicians with diagnostic and therapeutic strategies based on evidence-based medicine, and to promote the standardization and individualization of nocturia management.