Partial inhibition of viral replication machinery enhances recombination in herpes simplex viruses.

BACKGROUND

Herpes simplex viruses (HSV-1 and HSV-2) are widespread human pathogens, most commonly causing oral and genital lesions. These DNA viruses use recombination as a major driver of evolution. Intragenomic and intergenomic recombination events can be detected both in vivo and in vitro. As viral recombination is tightly linked to replication, deciphering mechanisms that specifically effect recombination remains a challenge.

RESULTS

We employed a triple-fluorescent color recombination assay to identify homology mediated and non-canonical recombination events between co-infecting HSV-1 strains. We developed a deep learning model that detects and classifies progeny plaques according to their colors. This setup enabled us to perturb the infection process using small molecule inhibitors targeting either viral or host proteins. We identified that inhibitors that reduce infectious viral progeny, increased viral homology mediated recombination. The antiviral drugs, including acyclovir, also increased recombination between HSV-1 and HSV-2 and aberrations in the progeny viral genomes.

CONCLUSIONS

Our results indicate that relatively low yet clinically relevant concentration of commonly used anti-herpes drugs increase intraspecies and interspecies recombination rates and genetic rearrangements. Thus, partial inhibition of the herpes replication complex can promote viral diversification, with potential implications for HSV evolution and drug resistance. CLINICAL TRIAL NUMBER: Not applicable.