Current oncology reports · 2026
Gender, Sex and Other Factors in the Development of Neuroendocrine Neoplasms.
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Abrahall Reece, Mortagy Mohamed, Chung Yooyun, Ramage John, Srirajaskanthan Rajaventhan, White Benjamin
Аннотация
PURPOSE OF REVIEW: To examine how biological sex and gender influence the tumorigenesis of neuroendocrine neoplasms (NEN), integrating epidemiological evidence with hormonal, molecular, lifestyle and environmental factors.
RECENT FINDINGS: Recent population-based studies demonstrate sex differences in NEN incidence, pathological characteristics and survival across multiple anatomical sites. Emerging evidence suggests that sex-hormone signalling, epigenetic regulation and the tumour microenvironment may contribute to these differences. Lifestyle and metabolic factors, including smoking and obesity, may further modify NEN susceptibility and interact with sex- and gender-related factors. Biological sex appears to be an important modifier of NEN development rather than simply a demographic characteristic. However, mechanistic evidence remains limited and the contribution of gender is poorly characterised. Prospective, sex-stratified studies integrating hormonal, molecular and environmental data are required to clarify these interactions and their potential clinical relevance.
RECENT FINDINGS: Recent population-based studies demonstrate sex differences in NEN incidence, pathological characteristics and survival across multiple anatomical sites. Emerging evidence suggests that sex-hormone signalling, epigenetic regulation and the tumour microenvironment may contribute to these differences. Lifestyle and metabolic factors, including smoking and obesity, may further modify NEN susceptibility and interact with sex- and gender-related factors. Biological sex appears to be an important modifier of NEN development rather than simply a demographic characteristic. However, mechanistic evidence remains limited and the contribution of gender is poorly characterised. Prospective, sex-stratified studies integrating hormonal, molecular and environmental data are required to clarify these interactions and their potential clinical relevance.