Congenital Bovine Cardiac Anomalies.

This article reviews congenital cardiac anomalies in cattle, including ventricular septal defects, transposition of the great vessels, Tetralogy of Fallot, and ectopia cordis. It emphasizes the importance of detailed postmortem examinations and careful sample preservation for diagnosing these defects, which may result from genetic, nutritional, infectious, or environmental factors. Recognizing subtle lesions and understanding their physiologic impacts are crucial for accurate diagnosis. The article highlights the value of breed resources and genetic testing in managing heritable conditions. Overall, awareness and thorough investigation of congenital heart defects are essential for improving herd health and management strategies.