Cancers · 2026
A Novel Mouse Model to Identify Antigen-Specific Immune Responses in Pancreatic Cancer Cachexia.
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Das Ayushi, Mukherjee Debasmita, D'Alesio Liliana, Wedig Jessica, Lathrop Hannah, Schmidt Maria, Guenther Abigail, Kaiser Morgan, Varghese Jeon, Remaily Bryan, Kulp Samuel K, Lowe Jeovanna, Rafael-Fortney Jill A, Thomas Justin, Kim Kyeongmin, Adeluola Adeoluwa, Culp Stacey, Gunderson Andrew, Phelps Mitch A, Coss Christopher C, Mace Thomas A
Аннотация
BACKGROUND: Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma (PDAC) has a dismal five-year survival rate of 13% and is closely associated with cachexia. Cancer cachexia is a multifactorial syndrome characterized by irreversible wasting of skeletal muscles, fat loss and systemic inflammation. While cachexia is known to confer resistance to immune checkpoint inhibition in several cancers, the bidirectional relationship between cachexia and the immune system in PDAC remains unclear, necessitating the development of novel preclinical models. Our laboratory has characterized a novel pancreatic cancer cachexia model in C57BL/6J mice by utilizing the pancreatic cancer cell line called KPCL-4 derived from KPC-LSIY mice (KrasLSL-G12D/+Tp53LSL-R172H/+Pdx1-Cre/R26LSL-LSIY).
METHODS: KPCL-4 cells were orthotopically injected into the pancreas of male and female C57BL/6J mice and hallmarks of cachexia were assessed at endpoint by measurement of tumor weight, terminal tumor-adjusted body weight, skeletal muscle, adipose tissue, liver and spleen masses, proteolytic markers and grip strength. Plasma cytokine and chemokine concentrations were quantified by Luminex assay and high-dimensional flow cytometry was used to investigate changes in tumor-infiltrating immune populations.
RESULTS: We observed a sex bias in cachexia presentation despite similar tumor weights in male and female mice, whereby males exhibited a >5% decrease in terminal tumor-adjusted body weight (p < 0.001), >50% fat loss (p < 0.001), upregulation of proteolytic markers in skeletal muscles (p < 0.01) and reduction in skeletal muscle mass (p < 0.05), function (p < 0.01) and cross-sectional area (p < 0.0001) whereas females demonstrated conserved skeletal muscle mass with 33% fat loss (p < 0.05), reduction in muscle cross-sectional area (p < 0.0001) and splenomegaly (p < 0.01). While intra-tumoral immune populations did not exhibit sex-specific differences, plasma cytokine concentrations were differentially upregulated in males and females, suggesting functional differences in immune cells as potent drivers of sex bias in KPCL-4-driven cachexia.
CONCLUSIONS: The KPCL-4 orthotopic PDAC model exhibits prominent hallmarks of cachexia and serves as a novel platform for investigating the complex interplay between cancer cachexia and immunomodulation.
METHODS: KPCL-4 cells were orthotopically injected into the pancreas of male and female C57BL/6J mice and hallmarks of cachexia were assessed at endpoint by measurement of tumor weight, terminal tumor-adjusted body weight, skeletal muscle, adipose tissue, liver and spleen masses, proteolytic markers and grip strength. Plasma cytokine and chemokine concentrations were quantified by Luminex assay and high-dimensional flow cytometry was used to investigate changes in tumor-infiltrating immune populations.
RESULTS: We observed a sex bias in cachexia presentation despite similar tumor weights in male and female mice, whereby males exhibited a >5% decrease in terminal tumor-adjusted body weight (p < 0.001), >50% fat loss (p < 0.001), upregulation of proteolytic markers in skeletal muscles (p < 0.01) and reduction in skeletal muscle mass (p < 0.05), function (p < 0.01) and cross-sectional area (p < 0.0001) whereas females demonstrated conserved skeletal muscle mass with 33% fat loss (p < 0.05), reduction in muscle cross-sectional area (p < 0.0001) and splenomegaly (p < 0.01). While intra-tumoral immune populations did not exhibit sex-specific differences, plasma cytokine concentrations were differentially upregulated in males and females, suggesting functional differences in immune cells as potent drivers of sex bias in KPCL-4-driven cachexia.
CONCLUSIONS: The KPCL-4 orthotopic PDAC model exhibits prominent hallmarks of cachexia and serves as a novel platform for investigating the complex interplay between cancer cachexia and immunomodulation.