Cost-Effective Rechargeable Magnesium Battery Based on a Fluorinated Alkoxyaluminate Electrolyte and a Carbonyl Polymer Cathode.

Rechargeable magnesium batteries (RMBs) are one of the most promising "post-lithium" battery technologies, but the electrochemical performance is still far from expectation due to the sluggish reaction kinetics of divalent Mg2+ ions. Herein, we report a low-cost, high-performance Mg-organic battery based on the combination of a fluorinated alkoxyaluminate electrolyte and a carbonyl polymer cathode material. First, the one-pot synthesized Mg[Al(HFIP)4]2 (HFIP = hexafluoro-2-propanol) is proved superior to the Mg[B(HFIP)4]2 analogue in both Mg anode compatibility and electrochemical window, as the electrolyte salt in the G2-DME (G2 = diethylene glycol dimethyl ether; DME = 1,2-dimethoxyethane) mixture solvent. Second, a simple wet grinding method is proposed to effectively improve the dispersion uniformity of the poly(benzoquinone-pyrrole) (PBQPy) active material in the cathode. Third, the elaborate Mg-PBQPy battery exhibits superior electrochemical performance within 0.4-3.0 V, including a high reversible capacity of 197 mA h g-1, a high average discharge voltage of 1.6 V, and a high capacity retention of 71% after 500 cycles. Finally, based on various electrochemical analysis and ex situ characterization results, we propose a general microscopic structure evolution model to reveal the electrochemical behaviors of carbonyl polymer cathode in RMBs, including the swelling of polymer active material, trapping of Mg2+ ions, and reversible redox reaction.