Animal Models of Prenatal Alcohol Exposure.

This chapter provides an introduction and overview of animal models that have been used to investigate the teratogenic effects of alcohol. Since the first model was developed in 1899, prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) has been studied in species ranging from invertebrates to primates. Here, we contextualize and outline critical experimental considerations, including blood alcohol concentration, timing of exposure, and routes of ethanol administration. Detailed comparisons of vertebrate and invertebrate models, particularly rodents, guinea pigs, and non-human primates, highlight their translational relevance and limitations in replicating human gestational processes, and the pathophysiology of fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD). This chapter also examines behavioral outcomes across motor, executive, cognitive, and social domains, illustrating how PAE disrupts neural development and function throughout the lifespan. Collectively, we emphasize the importance of recognizing the pros and cons when selecting an animal model and experimental paradigm.