Pseudo-latex coatings formed by zein-based nanoparticle aqueous dispersions: Promising packaging for sustainable, effective, and multifunctional preservation of fruits and vegetables.

Postharvest losses of fruits and vegetables pose a global challenge to food systems, highlighting the urgent need to develop green and efficient preservation technologies, such as protective coatings. Zein, a renewable and biodegradable plant protein, exhibits remarkable film-forming and barrier properties. However, conventional zein-based coatings derived from high-concentration ethanol-water mixtures with zein dissolved in (Zsol) face notable limitations, including safety concerns, poor qualities, as well as difficulties in employment and multifunctional integration. To address these shortcomings, recent research has shifted toward the development of zein-based nanoparticle aqueous dispersions (Zdis) as coating matrix. Firstly, preparation approaches were elaborated, with emphasis on antisolvent precipitation (ASP) and pH-driven method (PDM), discussing underlying principles, advantages, and current challenges. Subsequently, stabilization principles of Zdis at the colloidal level under quantitative framework were critically examined. From the perspective of functional design, plasticizer selection, loading of bioactive compounds (BCs), and adhesion enhancement were explored to synergistically optimize comprehensive performance. Therefore, the compatibility (preservation effects, failure mechanisms, and sensory impact) of Zdis-based coatings on diverse fruits and vegetables were elucidated. The importance of coating approaches, drying means, intelligent supervision for integrated processes, sustainability assessment concepts, and safety regulations was also emphasized. Finally, key challenges for scale-up integration and future perspective were proposed. Overall, Zdis offers a promising platform and basis for advancing postharvest preservation toward sustainability and high efficacy.