Analytica chimica acta · 2026
A portable pulsed-current portable platform utilizing hollow polymer inclusion membranes for enhanced electromembrane extraction of paraquat and diquat.
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Pung Ye Tim, Foo Kathleen, Breadmore Michael C, See Hong Heng
Аннотация
BACKGROUND: Pulsed electromembrane extraction (PEME) has been developed to address the limitations of conventional electromembrane extraction (EME) by enhancing extraction efficiency and operational stability. To date, PEME has demonstrated high performance for the analysis of drugs and amino acids across various sample matrices. In this work, the applicability of PEME for the extraction of herbicides-specifically paraquat (PQ) and diquat (DQ)-from environmental water samples was systematically evaluated using a portable EME device integrated with a hollow polymer inclusion membrane (HPIM).
RESULTS: The HPIM was fabricated using cellulose triacetate (CTA) as the polymer matrix, tris(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate (TEHP) as the plasticizer, and 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([HMIM][Cl]) as the ionic liquid carrier. The pulsed current-controlled EME (PC-EME) mode consistently outperformed conventional EME, achieving maximum extraction efficiencies of 91.4% for PQ and 75.5% for DQ under optimized conditions (pulse duration, 35 s; off period, 5 s; extraction time, 10 min; pulsed current, 60 μA). Comparable performance was observed across three types of environmental water samples (RSD <6.64%), with preconcentration factors ranging from 154 to 237, for DQ and PQ respectively. However, a gradual decline in extraction efficiency (∼15%) was observed in spiked river water after 7 days of storage in refrigerator (4 °C), emphasizing the practical advantage of on-site extraction for maintaining analytical reliability.
SIGNIFICANCE: This study demonstrates the potential of a portable EME device as an efficient and field-deployable platform for on-site trace-level monitoring of PQ and DQ in environmental waters.
RESULTS: The HPIM was fabricated using cellulose triacetate (CTA) as the polymer matrix, tris(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate (TEHP) as the plasticizer, and 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([HMIM][Cl]) as the ionic liquid carrier. The pulsed current-controlled EME (PC-EME) mode consistently outperformed conventional EME, achieving maximum extraction efficiencies of 91.4% for PQ and 75.5% for DQ under optimized conditions (pulse duration, 35 s; off period, 5 s; extraction time, 10 min; pulsed current, 60 μA). Comparable performance was observed across three types of environmental water samples (RSD <6.64%), with preconcentration factors ranging from 154 to 237, for DQ and PQ respectively. However, a gradual decline in extraction efficiency (∼15%) was observed in spiked river water after 7 days of storage in refrigerator (4 °C), emphasizing the practical advantage of on-site extraction for maintaining analytical reliability.
SIGNIFICANCE: This study demonstrates the potential of a portable EME device as an efficient and field-deployable platform for on-site trace-level monitoring of PQ and DQ in environmental waters.