Amelioration of ovalbumin-induced allergic rhinitis in rats by ginseng residue oligosaccharides and ginseng polysaccharides via multi-omics analysis.

This research explored the effects of ginseng residue oligosaccharides (GRO-N) and ginseng polysaccharides (GP-N) on alleviating allergic rhinitis (AR). In a rat model induced by ovalbumin (OVA), both high doses of GRO-N (GRO-N-H) and GP-N (GP-N-H) significantly decreased the frequency of sneezing and rubbing behaviors in AR-affected rats. Histopathological evaluations and cytokine analyses revealed that GRO-N-H and GP-N-H notably lowered the count of goblet cells and reduced inflammatory cytokine levels in these rats. When compared to GP-N-H, GRO-N-H demonstrated superior effects on behavioral responses and serum cytokine levels in AR rats. Analysis of gut microbiota indicated that GRO-N-H and GP-N-H could reverse OVA-induced alterations in the relative abundance of Lactobacillaceae and Ruminococcaceae. The amelioration of AR by GRO-N-H and GP-N-H was linked to various saccharide metabolic pathways. Metabolomic and transcriptomic studies indicated that the mechanisms through which GRO-N-H and GP-N-H ameliorate AR involve multiple metabolic and signaling pathways. Specifically, the immune-related pathways engaged by GRO-N-H included the high-affinity IgE receptor (FcεRI) signaling pathway and the interleukin (IL)-17 signaling pathway, while GP-N-H was associated with immunoglobulin G receptor (FcγR)-mediated phagocytosis and the IL-17 signaling pathway. In summary, GRO-N-H is one of the more promising potential supplements for ameliorating AR.