Occupational exposure to PAHs, PCBs, and VOCs representatives in port-industrial settings: A dual-track approach using silicone wristbands and diffusive passive samplers.

In this study, the personal exposure to SVOCs (PAHs and PCBs) was evaluated using wearable silicone wristbands. The indoor VOC concentrations in port-industrial settings were characterized using Radiello® diffusive samplers. VOC analysis revealed a terpene-dominated indoor profile, with Alpha-Pinene (11.0 ± 2.0 μg·m-3) and d-Limonene (6.60 ± 0.92 μg·m-3) indicating strong indoor emission sources. Benzene levels (from 4.09 to 5.82 μg·m-3) remained well below EU occupational thresholds, ensuring regulatory compliance. Silicone wristbands effectively captured a spectrum of SVOCs, with PCB 52 (ranging from 1.4 to 13 ng·g-1) and medium-molecular-weight PAHs (Fluorene, Phenanthrene) being most prevalent. The detection of Indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene and Dibenz[a,h]anthracene confirmed the infiltration of combustion-related pollutants from the adjacent port operations. All measured levels were below EU and US regulatory reference values. These findings validate wearable silicone wristbands as a non-invasive tool for personal multi-residue monitoring in a port-industrial indoor environment. This integrated passive sampling strategy provides a comprehensive fingerprint of occupational exposure, allowing for clear differentiation between indoor-generated VOCs and industrially-derived pollutants, which is essential for effective workplace safety management.