Development of a Zero-Stagnant-Water Purification System Based on Smart Series-Parallel Control of Dual RO Membranes.

Intermittently operated, tankless reverse osmosis (RO) systems are widely used in decentralized and point-of-use applications, yet water stagnation during idle periods remains a critical challenge, leading to degraded water quality, accelerated fouling, and performance loss. This study presents an experimentally validated engineering solution that eliminates stagnant water in intermittently operated RO systems. A dual-membrane RO configuration with flexible series-parallel switching was developed, enabling membranes to alternate between production and flushing modes. An adaptive control strategy, integrated into the system hardware, regulates membrane switching and flushing based on real-time feed-water quality. The proposed configuration and control framework was evaluated under representative intermittent operating conditions. Experimental results show that the zero-stagnant-water strategy effectively prevents residual water accumulation during shutdown and maintains stable permeate quality, with total dissolved solids consistently below 10 mg/L. Long-term testing further demonstrates reduced membrane fouling and slower performance degradation compared with conventional fixed-operation schemes, resulting in enhanced desalination efficiency and operational stability. Owing to its modular design and simple control logic, the proposed approach is readily transferable to decentralized and point-of-use membrane water treatment systems requiring reliable, high-quality water under intermittent operation.