Emerging bioelectronics and optogenetics for neurogastroenterology.

The Enteric Nervous System (ENS) orchestrates gastrointestinal (GI) functions via a complex network of neurons and glial cells. Disruptions in ENS development can lead to neurogastrointestinal disorders such as Hirschsprung's disease (HSCR), in which the ENS plays a pivotal role. This review examines the transformative potential of bioelectronics and optogenetics technologies-hitherto applied primarily in the cardiac and neural fields-for neurogastroenterology. Despite the complexity and the technical challenges posed by the GI tract, the integration of bioelectronic devices and optogenetics is beginning to accelerate ENS research. Moreover, this synergy offers new strategies for understanding, diagnosing, and treating ENS-related conditions. Here we discuss the latest bioelectric and optogenetic advancements in ENS research and highlight the electrophysiological characteristics of ENS disorders and the benefits of bioelectric stimulation to overcome functional deficits. The review also captures current progress in optogenetics, focusing on its application in ENS studies. Moreover, the review evaluates the commercialization and translational pathways of these bioengineering innovations, highlights the challenges and opportunities of moving them from laboratory to clinic.