Challenges and Controversies in Treating Massive Rotator Cuff Tears.

Massive rotator cuff tears present several challenges for orthopaedic surgeons. Many rotator cuff tears can be repaired; however, some chronic rotator cuff tears require advanced reconstructive techniques. Repair, if possible, is the optimal treatment for rotator cuff tears. In general, muscle transfers are an option for patients younger than 60 years who do not have pseudoparalysis. Arthroplasty is an option for older patients who have concomitant arthritis and for patients who have pseudoparalysis. Biologic augmentation in the setting of rotator cuff tears continues to evolve, and the application of biologic products should be guided by sound evidence and cost-benefit considerations.