Current pharmaceutical biotechnology · 2026
Evaluation of In vitro Antibacterial Efficacy of Terminalia catappa Leaf Extracts: A Selective Killing Approach for Disease Management in Recirculatory Aquaculture System.
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Govindan Chandru, Sharma Arun, Bedekar Megha Kadam, Chanu Thongam Ibemcha, Shivam Saloni, Shaik Haseena
Аннотация
INTRODUCTION: Antibiotic resistance that has been found among pathogenic bacteria has propelled the development of alternative antimicrobial agents. This study explores the antimicrobial properties of Terminalia catappa L. (Indian almond) leaf extracts as a natural antimicrobial agent in aquaculture, focusing on their effects on pathogenic bacteria and their ability to support beneficial nitrifying bacteria in recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS).
METHODS: Different extracts (Methanol, Ethanol and Aqueous) of T. catappa leaves were prepared and subjected to phytochemical analysis, revealing the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, tannins, and terpenoids. The agar well diffusion test, Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), and Minimum bactericidal concentration test were used to determine antibacterial efficacy against pathogenic bacteria (Aeromonas caviae, A. veronii) and nitrifying bacteria (Rhodococcus rhodochrous, Bacillus oceanisediminis).
RESULTS: The in vitro antibacterial assay results indicate that methanolic extracts at 25-250 mg/ml may inhibit pathogenic bacteria, but were less effective than other extracts against nitrifying bacteria. Electron microscopy (Field-Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE-SEM) and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM)) was used to visualise structural damage in bacterial cells, including membrane rupture and cytoplasmic leakage, particularly in pathogenic strains.
DISCUSSION: The methanol extract of Terminalia catappa leaves was found to have strong antibacterial activity, which could be attributed to the fact that it contained higher levels of phenolics, flavonoids, and other bioactive phytochemicals than aqueous extracts. The extract was more active in inhibiting pathogenic bacteria, with a relatively weaker effect on nitrifying bacteria, suggesting a selective antibacterial action in vitro. Future research should focus on in vivo validation and dose optimisation.
CONCLUSION: The present study has shown that, in vitro, the extracts of Terminalia catappa leaves exhibit different antibacterial activity, with high levels of inhibition against pathogenic bacterial strains, compared with the action of selected heterotrophic nitrifying bacteria. Such findings provide preliminary data on selective antibacterial activity. However, the results are limited to in vitro confirmation and require in vivo validation before proceeding to further applications in aquaculture.
METHODS: Different extracts (Methanol, Ethanol and Aqueous) of T. catappa leaves were prepared and subjected to phytochemical analysis, revealing the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, tannins, and terpenoids. The agar well diffusion test, Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), and Minimum bactericidal concentration test were used to determine antibacterial efficacy against pathogenic bacteria (Aeromonas caviae, A. veronii) and nitrifying bacteria (Rhodococcus rhodochrous, Bacillus oceanisediminis).
RESULTS: The in vitro antibacterial assay results indicate that methanolic extracts at 25-250 mg/ml may inhibit pathogenic bacteria, but were less effective than other extracts against nitrifying bacteria. Electron microscopy (Field-Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE-SEM) and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM)) was used to visualise structural damage in bacterial cells, including membrane rupture and cytoplasmic leakage, particularly in pathogenic strains.
DISCUSSION: The methanol extract of Terminalia catappa leaves was found to have strong antibacterial activity, which could be attributed to the fact that it contained higher levels of phenolics, flavonoids, and other bioactive phytochemicals than aqueous extracts. The extract was more active in inhibiting pathogenic bacteria, with a relatively weaker effect on nitrifying bacteria, suggesting a selective antibacterial action in vitro. Future research should focus on in vivo validation and dose optimisation.
CONCLUSION: The present study has shown that, in vitro, the extracts of Terminalia catappa leaves exhibit different antibacterial activity, with high levels of inhibition against pathogenic bacterial strains, compared with the action of selected heterotrophic nitrifying bacteria. Such findings provide preliminary data on selective antibacterial activity. However, the results are limited to in vitro confirmation and require in vivo validation before proceeding to further applications in aquaculture.